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Climbing and mountaineering are popular outdoor adventure sports that are, quite obviously, accompanied by a significant element of danger. Indeed, it is important that climbers and mountain walkers recognise the hazards that are associated with their recreational pursuits, as a failure to respect these risks can ultimately result in serious injury, illness and even death.

Therefore, it is essential that climbers and mountain walkers observe fundamental principles of safety whilst undertaking such activities. One basic rule that must always be observed, which is actually more of a commonsense guideline, is that of choosing appropriate clothing and equipment.

Unfortunately, history has shown that not everybody takes proper account of this basic issue. Accordingly, many people have lost their lives over the years as a result of wearing inappropriate or insufficient clothing or by not possessing the correct equipment for a particular job. A climber`s safety is his or her own responsibility, so it is important that anybody who is contemplating a mountaineering expedition or climb must fully understand what clothing and equipment is required.

First, the nature of the terrain that is to be traversed and the weather conditions that could be expected - but not only those that are forecast - must be effectively anticipated. It is crucial that sufficient preparations are made in order to deal with a variety of conditions and situations.

So first and foremost it is necessary to bring along various survival tools in case things go wrong. In this respect, the sleeping bag is useful even if you are not planning to stay out for any length of time - if weather conditions take a sudden turn for the worse, you will need to find shelter and there is nothing quite as appropriate as a lightweight, fast-pitching mountain tent. Likewise, torches, watches, compass, fire starters, mobile phone, GPS tracking, additional water supplies and waterproof thermal blankets can make the difference between life and death.

In respect to clothing, climbers must always carry a durable lightweight waterproof jacket - even when it is sunny and warm (it can be kept in a small backpack when not required). There are several good manufacturers of this type of jacket. Find one that suits you, and carry it at all times.

Climbers should also consider wearing base layers, which help to insulate the body whilst promoting increased muscle efficiency. Furthermore, during especially cold climbs, fleece jackets can be worn over base layers and under waterproof jackets for added insulation.

Gloves or mittens are also important as it is essential to protect the hands from the cold and jagged rocks, whilst hats and hoodies help to retain much of the heat that is lost from the body. Climbing trousers should be waterproof and extremely hard wearing, as these will take considerable punishment. Good quality down bags are also useful items of mountain equipment that ought to be brought along on a climb.

Last, but not least, take good care of your clothing and gear, and it will take care of you.